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Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such every bit performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts equally well as arts of other types. As well included inside the visual arts^[one] are the practical arts^[2] such every bit industrial design, graphic design, fashion blueprint, interior design and decorative art.^[3]

Electric current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine fine art too equally the applied or decorative arts and crafts, merely this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Uk and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'creative person' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and crafts Movement, who valued colloquial art forms as much every bit high forms.^[4] Fine art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, in a higher place other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen equally relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from transmission labour – in Chinese painting the nearly highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at to the lowest degree in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western bureaucracy of genres reflected similar attitudes.

Education and training [edit]

Training in the visual arts has more often than not been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance motion to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy organisation for grooming artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at third levels. Visual arts have now become an constituent bailiwick in most didactics systems.^{[5] [6]}

Cartoon [edit]

Drawing is a means of making an image, analogy or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the furnishings of these are too used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[seven]

Drawing and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative fine art beginning between nigh forty,000 to 35,000 years agone. Not-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are plant in areas such as Lascaux, French republic and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Arab republic of egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later adult to the human being form with black-figure pottery during the seventh century BC.^[8]

With paper becoming common in Europe past the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying paint suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a bounden agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. Nonetheless, when used in an creative sense it means the use of this action in combination with drawing, limerick, or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself.^[x]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on stone faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years one-time, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellowish and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human figures tin be plant in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses Ii, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages, the next pregnant contribution to European fine art was from Italian republic's renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the get-go of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe also were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from holland and Hans Holbein the Younger from Federal republic of germany are among the nigh successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to accomplish depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great Dutch masters such equally the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the tardily 16th century to the late 17th century. Chief artists of the Bizarre included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italian republic, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Bizarre is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[14]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in French republic in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, oftentimes choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated past brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense colour vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art every bit a dynamic, moving through fourth dimension and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of fine art. Attending to item became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists eye.^{[15] [16]}

Mail-impressionism [edit]

Towards the finish of the 19th century, several immature painters took impressionism a phase further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of detail note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to French republic where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris commune of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian creative person, developed his symbolistic arroyo at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his nigh famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal feet of modern man. Partly every bit a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Deutschland at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional consequence.

In parallel, the style known as cubism adult in France as artists focused on the book and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an bathetic form. By the 1920s, the style had adult into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[18]

Printmaking [edit]

Aboriginal Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for creative purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a 2-dimensional (flat) surface past ways of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the instance of a monotype, the same matrix tin can be used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (as well called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but in that location are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally, the print is printed on paper, simply other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced earlier nearly 1830 are known as erstwhile master prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German language woodcut from most 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the kickoff to use cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In China, the art of printmaking developed some one,100 years agone equally illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for press on paper. Initially images were mainly religious only in the Vocal Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and creative engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Japan 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its utilise in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, information technology was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same flow. Woodblock press had been used in Red china for centuries to print books, long before the appearance of movable blazon, simply was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo menses (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), assuasive for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and colour transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with low-cal" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the production of photography has been chosen a photograph. The term photo is an abridgement; many people likewise call them pictures. In digital photography, the term prototype has begun to replace photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric optics.)

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the fabric class of buildings, are oftentimes perceived as cultural symbols and as works of fine art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman builder Vitruvius in the early 1st century Advertizement. According to Vitruvius, a good edifice should satisfy the 3 principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, usually known by the original translation – firmness, article and delight. An equivalent in modern English would exist:

1. Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which information technology is used.
3. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (bachelor building materials and attendant skills). As human being cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, edifice became a craft, and "architecture" is the proper name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a movement-moving picture, from an initial conception and inquiry, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special furnishings, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audition; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is frequently used to refer to video-based processes as well.

Computer art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional Visual arts media. Computers accept been used every bit an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D press). Estimator art is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an epitome, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, operation or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For instance, an creative person may combine traditional painting with algorithmic fine art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end production can exist difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though information technology has yet to prove its legitimacy equally a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool rather than a form as with painting. On the other paw, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the aforementioned technologies, and their social impact, equally an object of inquiry.

Figurer usage has blurred the distinctions betwixt illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled paradigm developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may be computer-aided or use figurer-generated imagery as a template. Calculator clip fine art usage has also fabricated the clear distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the procedure of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (not-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that can be carved or shaped, such every bit stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are likewise capable of modulation.^{[ commendation needed ]} This employ of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian'south use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or calorie-free, commonly stone (either stone or marble), clay, metal, drinking glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or bandage. Sculptures are oftentimes painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can exist moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may exist referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors exercise non always make sculptures past mitt. With increasing engineering science in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of material like cement, metallic and plastic, that they would not be able to create past hand. Sculptures tin can also be made with three-d printing applied science.

The states copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the United States, the police force protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual fine art".^[25]

A "piece of work of visual art" is —
(i) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the instance of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and deport the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(two) a still photographic prototype produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed past the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A piece of work of visual fine art does not include —
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied fine art, movement movie or other audiovisual work, book, mag, paper, periodical, information base, electronic data service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (2) any merchandising item or advert, promotional, descriptive, roofing, or packaging material or container;
  (iii) whatever portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (two);
(B) whatsoever work fabricated for hire; or
(C) any work not bailiwick to copyright protection under this title.

Encounter also [edit]

• Fine art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Found object
• Graffiti
• History of fine art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Landscape fine art
• Mathematics and art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process fine art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual impairment in art
• Visual poetry

References [edit]

1. ^ An About.com commodity by fine art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Dissimilar Forms of Art – Applied Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived thirteen Oct 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts pedagogy". Thinking Skills and Creativity. 19: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "Schoolhouse of industrial art and design".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
9. ^ "Drawing". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on xiv March 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved fifteen Oct 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist fine art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Mod Fine art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at annal.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved thirty October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through twenty January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 Jan 2009 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ "Copyright Police force of the U.s. – Affiliate i (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 Oct 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, tertiary ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. n.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. 4th ed. Dominican Commonwealth s.northward.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. Five. (1976). The language of movement: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. northward.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: n.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual art terms.
• Agenda for Artists – calendar list of visual fine art festivals.
• Art History Timeline past the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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